The seismic design of conventional structures is mainly addressed considering the direct construction cost; the life cycle costs (LCCs) are often neglected. This paper proposes a performance-based ...

Modular Integrated Construction (MIC) is an innovative construction method that involves prefabricating “modular units” in a factory and delivering them to the construction site for reliable ...

Structural steel is a common choice for many industries, including concrete, buildings, architecture, construction, and infrastructure. Corrosion can cause safety issues like instability and other ...