Researchers identify fabrication constraints, reinforcement integration, sensing, and quality control as key factors in ...

In this study, a novel hybrid metaheuristic algorithm, termed (BES–GO), is proposed for solving benchmark structural design optimization problems, including welded beam design, three-bar truss system ...

Topology optimization is a critical tool for modern structural design, yet existing methods often prioritize single objectives (e.g., compliance minimization) and suffer from prohibitive computational ...